Addiction Rehab: The Impact of Winning and Losing on Family Interactions: A Biological Approach to Family Therapy.
The impact of winning and losing on family interactions: a biological approach to family therapy.
Filed under: Addiction Rehab
Can J Psychiatry. 2012 Oct; 57(10): 643-8
Sloman L, Sturman ED
Objective: To examine the connection between winning and losing and family functioning. We do this by hypothesizing a link between successful outcomes in individual competition and in functional family interaction. This enables us to show how therapeutic interventions can be directed toward the attachment system, by lowering anxiety and fostering mutual trust, and toward the social rank system, by promoting success and feelings of empowerment. Method: A search of online databases was conducted with key search terms related to winning and losing, and their effects on attachment patterns and family interactions. Results: Winning in agonistic encounters has been associated with lowered dysphoria, anxiety, and hostility. These affective states trigger positive patterns of family interaction through their effect on the social rank and attachment systems. Conclusion: Continued success promotes adaptive cycles of interaction, whereas inability to accept loss has the reverse effect. Early humans, who were more successful in competition, were better able to promote the survival and well-being of other family members, which would have accelerated our phylogenetic adaptation.
HubMed – addiction
Emergency department visits and use of outpatient physician services by adults with developmental disability and psychiatric disorder.
Filed under: Addiction Rehab
Can J Psychiatry. 2012 Oct; 57(10): 601-7
Lunsky Y, Lin E, Balogh R, Klein-Geltink J, Wilton AS, Kurdyak P
Objective: To compare the emergency department (ED), primary, and psychiatric care visit rates associated with the presence and absence of a developmental disability (DD) and a mental illness. Method: This is a population-based study comparing Ontario adults, with and without DDs and mental illnesses, in terms of rates of primary, psychiatric, and ED care, from April 2007 to March 2009. Results: In Ontario, 45% of adults with a DD received a psychiatric diagnosis during a 2-year period, and 26% of those with a psychiatric diagnosis were classified as having a serious mental illness (SMI), compared with 8% of those with a psychiatric diagnosis but no DD. People with DDs had an increased likelihood of psychiatric and ED visits. Patients with SMIs and DDs had the highest rates of such visits. Conclusions: People with more severe impairments had the greatest likelihood of ED visits, despite access to outpatient services, suggesting that outpatient care (primary and psychiatric), as currently delivered, may not be adequate to meet their complex needs.
HubMed – addiction
A Role For The Prefrontal Cortex In Heroin-Seeking After Forced Abstinence By Adult Male Rats But Not Adolescents.
Filed under: Addiction Rehab
Neuropsychopharmacology. 2012 Oct 17;
Doherty JM, Cooke BM, Frantz KJ
Adolescent drug abuse is hypothesized to increase the risk of drug addiction. Yet male rats that self-administer heroin as adolescents show attenuated drug-seeking after abstinence, compared with adults. Here we explore a role for neural activity in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in age-dependent heroin-seeking. Adolescent (35-day-old at start; adolescent-onset) and adult (86-day-old at start) male rats acquired lever-pressing maintained by heroin using a fixed ratio one reinforcement schedule (0.05 and 0.025?mg/kg per infusion). Following 12 days of forced abstinence, rats were tested for heroin-seeking over 1?h by measuring the number of lever presses on the active lever. Unbiased stereology was then used to estimate the number of Fos-ir(+) and Fos-ir(-) neurons in prelimbic and infralimbic mPFC. As before, adolescents and adults self-administered similar amounts of heroin, but subsequent heroin-seeking was attenuated in the younger rats. Similarly, the adolescent-onset group failed to show significant neural activation in the prelimbic or infralimbic mPFC during the heroin-seeking test, whereas the adult-onset heroin self-administration group showed two to six times more Fos-ir(+) neurons than their saline counterparts in both mPFC subregions. Finally, the overall number of neurons in the infralimbic cortex was greater in rats from the adolescent-onset groups than adults. The mPFC may thus have a key role in some age-dependent effects of heroin self-administration.Neuropsychopharmacology advance online publication, 17 October 2012; doi:10.1038/npp.2012.200.
HubMed – addiction
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