Eating Disorders: The Role of Gut Microbiota in Human Obesity: Recent Findings and Future Perspectives.

The role of gut microbiota in human obesity: Recent findings and future perspectives.

Filed under: Eating Disorders

Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2012 Nov 10;
Tagliabue A, Elli M

AIMS: In recent years, gut microbiota have gained a growing interest as an environmental factor that may affect the predisposition toward adiposity. In this review, we describe and discuss the research that has focused on the involvement of gut microbiota in human obesity. We also summarize the current knowledge concerning the health effects of the composition of gut microbiota, acquired using the most recent methodological approaches, and the potential influence of gut microbiota on adiposity, as revealed by animal studies. DATA SYNTHESIS: Original research studies that were published in English or French until December 2011 were selected through a computer-assisted literature search. The studies conducted to date show that there are differences in the gut microbiota between obese and normal-weight experimental animals. There is also evidence that a high-fat diet may induce changes in gut microbiota in animal models regardless of the presence of obesity. In humans, obesity has been associated with reduced bacterial diversity and an altered representation of bacterial species, but the identified differences are not homogeneous among the studies. CONCLUSIONS: The question remains as to whether changes in the intestinal microbial community are one of the environmental causes of overweight and obesity or if they are a consequence of obesity, specifically of the unbalanced diet that often accompanies the development of excess weight gain. In the future, larger studies on the potential role of intestinal microbiota in human obesity should be conducted at the species level using standardized analytical techniques and taking all of the possible confounding variables into account.
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Favourable effects of the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension diet on glucose tolerance and lipid profiles in gestational diabetes: a randomised clinical trial.

Filed under: Eating Disorders

Br J Nutr. 2012 Nov 13; 1-7
Asemi Z, Tabassi Z, Samimi M, Fahiminejad T, Esmaillzadeh A

Although gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is associated with an increased risk of maternal and neonatal morbidity, there is no consensus as to the optimal approach of nutritional management in these patients. The present study was designed to assess the effect of the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) eating plan on glucose tolerance and lipid profiles of pregnant women with GDM. The present randomised controlled clinical trial was performed among thirty-four women diagnosed with GDM at 24-28 weeks of gestation. Subjects were randomly assigned to consume either the control diet (n 17) or the DASH eating pattern (n 17) for 4 weeks. The control diet was designed to contain 45-55 % carbohydrates, 15-20 % protein and 25-30 % total fat. The macronutrient composition of the DASH diet was similar to the control diet; however, the DASH diet was rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains and low-fat dairy products, and contained lower amounts of saturated fats, cholesterol and refined grains with a total of 2400 mg Na/d. Fasting blood samples were taken at baseline and after 4 weeks of intervention to measure fasting plasma glucose, glycated Hb (HbA1c) and lipid profiles. Participants underwent a 3 h oral glucose tolerance tests and blood samples were collected at 60, 120 and 180 min to measure plasma glucose levels. Adherence to the DASH eating pattern, compared with the control diet, resulted in improved glucose tolerance such that plasma glucose levels reduced at 60 ( – 1·86 v. – 0·45 mmol/l, P group = 0·02), 120 ( – 2·3 v. 0·2 mmol/l, P group = 0·001) and 180 min ( – 1·7 v. 0·22 mmol/l, P group = 0·002) after the glucose load. Decreased HbA1c levels ( – 0·2 v. 0·05 %, P group = 0·001) was also seen in the DASH group compared with the control group. Mean changes for serum total ( – 0·42 v. 0·31 mmol/l, P group = 0·01) and LDL-cholesterol ( – 0·47 v. 0·22 mmol/l, P group = 0·005), TAG ( – 0·17 v. 0·34 mmol/l, P group = 0·01) and total:HDL-cholesterol ratio ( – 0·6 (sd 0·9) v. 0·3 (sd 0·8), P group = 0·008) were significantly different between the two diets. Additionally, consumption of the DASH diet favourably influenced systolic blood pressure ( – 2·6 v. 1·7 mmHg, P group = 0·001). Mean changes of fasting plasma glucose ( – 0·29 v. 0·15 mmol/l, P group = 0·09) were non-significant comparing the DASH diet with the control diet. In conclusion, consumption of the DASH eating pattern for 4 weeks among pregnant women with GDM resulted in bene?cial effects on glucose tolerance and lipid profiles compared with the control diet.
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Prevalence, Incidence, Impairment, and Course of the Proposed DSM-5 Eating Disorder Diagnoses in an 8-Year Prospective Community Study of Young Women.

Filed under: Eating Disorders

J Abnorm Psychol. 2012 Nov 12;
Stice E, Marti CN, Rohde P

We examined prevalence, incidence, impairment, duration, and course for the proposed DSM-5 eating disorders in a community sample of 496 adolescent females who completed annual diagnostic interviews over 8 years. Lifetime prevalence by age 20 was 0.8% for anorexia nervosa (AN), 2.6% for bulimia nervosa (BN), 3.0% for binge eating disorder (BED), 2.8% for atypical AN, 4.4% for subthreshold BN, 3.6% for subthreshold BED, 3.4% for purging disorder (PD), and combined prevalence of 13.1% (5.2% had AN, BN, or BED; 11.5% had feeding and eating disorders not elsewhere classified; FED-NEC). Peak onset age was 19-20 for AN, 16-20 for BN, and 18-20 for BED, PD, and FED-NEC. Youth with these eating disorders typically reported greater functional impairment, distress, suicidality, mental health treatment, and unhealthy body mass index, though effect sizes were relatively smaller for atypical AN, subthreshold BN, and PD. Average episode duration in months ranged from 2.9 for BN to 11.2 for atypical AN. One-year remission rates ranged from 71% for atypical AN to 100% for BN, subthreshold BN, and BED. Recurrence rates ranged from 6% for PD to 33% for BED and subthrehold BED. Diagnostic progression from subthreshold to threshold eating disorders was higher for BN and BED (32% and 28%) than for AN (0%), suggesting some sort of escalation mechanism for binge eating. Diagnostic crossover was greatest from BED to BN. Results imply that the new DSM-5 eating disorder criteria capture clinically significant psychopathology and usefully assign eating disordered individuals to homogeneous diagnostic categories. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved).
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Correction to Klump et al. (2012).

Filed under: Eating Disorders

J Abnorm Psychol. 2012 Nov 12;

Reports an error in “The Interactive Effects of Estrogen and Progesterone on Changes in Emotional Eating Across the Menstrual Cycle” by Kelly L. Klump, Pamela K. Keel, Sarah E. Racine, S. Alexandra Burt, Michael Neale, Cheryl L. Sisk, Steven Boker and Jean Yueqin Hu (Journal of Abnormal Psychology, Advanced Online Publication, Aug 13, 2012, np). The name of author S. Alexandra Burt was misprinted as Alexandra S. Burt. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2012-21637-001.) Studies suggest that within-person changes in estrogen and progesterone predict changes in binge eating across the menstrual cycle. However, samples have been extremely small (maximum N = 9), and analyses have not examined the interactive effects of hormones that are critical for changes in food intake in animals. The aims of the current study were to examine ovarian hormone interactions in the prediction of within-subject changes in emotional eating in the largest sample of women to date (N = 196). Participants provided daily ratings of emotional eating and saliva samples for hormone measurement for 45 consecutive days. Results confirmed that changes in ovarian hormones predict changes in emotional eating across the menstrual cycle, with a significant estradiol × progesterone interaction. Emotional eating scores were highest during the midluteal phase, when progesterone peaks and estradiol demonstrates a secondary peak. Findings extend previous work by highlighting significant interactions between estrogen and progesterone that explain midluteal increases in emotional eating. Future work should explore mechanisms (e.g., gene-hormone interactions) that contribute to both within- and between-subjects differences in emotional eating. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved).
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